What is cervical cancer?

This is the term used for the condition when there is an overpopulation of abnormal cells found in the cervix. This organ is located in the lower area of the uterus that connects into the vaginal area. Unlike other types of cancer, this cancer has a high chance of being cured especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

What are the causes and symptoms?

This condition is caused by the appearance of a virus clinically known as human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus can be contacted when you have sexual intercourse with someone who has this. However, not all kinds of HPV result to this condition. In some cases, it results to genital warts. The worst part of this condition is that you can go on for years not knowing that you have HPV.

It stays in the body undetected and can just be discovered when there are already symptoms of this conditio. This is why doctors stress out the importance of having pap tests as this is a way to detect changes in the cervical cells and to know at the earliest sign if there are any abnormalities. The abnormality of the cervical cells usually does not exhibit tell-tale symptoms. Like I said, you can go on for years without experiencing anything unusual. However, you may experience the symptoms already if it has mutated into cancer cells.

The symptoms include abnormal bleeding from the vagina, sudden change in the menstrual cycle, bleeding after sex or even right after pressing your hands on your diaphragm, painful sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge that is accompanied by spots of blood.

What is the treatment and diagnosis?
Pap tests are very important since this method will detect the abnormalities in the cells. Taking this regularly can save your life considerably.

If the cancer is diagnosed early, treatments are highly effective. An early treatment for this condition will even make the chances of having children highly possible. However, if the cancer has progressed in a later stage already, the treatments will render a woman impossible to bear children. The methods used for these stages are hysterectomy (pelvic lymph nodes and even ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Many people also use the added benefits of natural herbal remedies. This will not have adverse effects with their prescription medications. Some of the remedies used are:

Garlic
This has shown great potential in slowing down the growth of cancer cells. It also helps promote the growth of healthy cells. This is not only used for cervical cancer but for other types of cancer as well.

Ginseng
This herb has natural anti-cancer properties. It is also known to effectively boost the immune system to ward off or slow down the growth of virus and bacteria.

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Cervical cancer is a common cancer among women. There has been a link established between the incidence of this disease and the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Today, young women are encouraged to take a vaccine for HPV in an attempt to reduce the risk of contracting cervical cancer later in life.

It has been found that the HPV virus is present in nearly all cases of cervical cancer. However most women who have the HPV virus do not go on to develop cancer. Therefore, it is thought that other risk factors come into play. Some of these include having a weakened immune system, smoking cigarettes and increasing your risk of STDs by having multiple sexual partners. Engaging in sexual activity at an early age also seems to increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, possibly because immature cells are more vulnerable to cancerous changes triggered by the HPV virus.

Cancerous cells in the cervic is very dangerous because the early stages usually do not cause symptoms. By the time symptoms are observed, the cancer has become advanced. These symptoms include vaginal bleeding unrelated to the menstrual cycle, bleeding after intercourse, painful intercourse, pelvic pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on if it is confined to the outer layer or if it has invaded deep into the cervix. Cancer that is on the surface of the cervix can be surgically removed. The surgeon usually removes a portion of the cervix, but in some cases, a simple hysterectomy may be needed in order to remove all of the cancerous and pre-cancerous tissue.

Other types of surgery include laser surgery, cryosurgery, and electrosurgery. With laser surgery, a precise energy beam is directed onto the cancer in order to kill it. Cryosurgery kills the cancer by freezing it. Electrosurgery involves using an electrified wire to cut away cancer cells.

When cervical cancer is advanced, surgery usually calls for a radical hysterectomy that not only removes the cervix and uterus, but also removes part of the vagina and lymph nodes.

Radiation may also be used as a form of treatment. The radiation can be applied externally to the cervix or it can be placed into the cervix internally. In advanced cervical cancer, radiation is usually combined with chemotherapy to enhance its effectiveness. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses powerful drugs alone or in combination with each other to travel throughout your body to kill spreading cancer cells.

You may be able to prevent cervical cancer if you take steps to prevent becoming infected with the HPV virus. This means practicing safe sex by always using condoms. Young girls may want to consider receiving the HPV vaccine called Gardasil. It is being recommended for girls as a routine vaccination at 11 to 12 years of age before becoming sexually active. Other young women up to age 26 are advised to take the vaccine also.

Since early cervical cancer often has no symptoms, regular pap tests are important in order to detect the HPV virus and any pre-cancerous changes to cervical cells.

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Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer and the main cause of cancer deaths in women after breast cancer. The main cause of the disease is the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV), meaning that this is a preventable form of cancer.

How to detect cervical cancer

Pap smear screening can detect potentially precancerous changes. Therefore regular tests are important and are recommended. The introduction of Pap smears as screening tools about 50 years ago has significantly reduced the number of deaths due to this type of cancer.

Possible causes

While it may not be possible to pinpoint with accuracy the causes of cervical cancer, the following are possible risk factors:

* Having several sexual partners
* Consuming oral contraceptives (the Pill)
* Smoking: Women smokers are more than 10 times likely to get cervical cancer than women who do not smoke
* A weak immune system

Treatment

Preventing the disease in the first place is crucial. There are now vaccines available that target several strains of HPV to prevent the infection. Once diagnosed, treatment for cervical cancer differs according to stage, age and tumor size. The options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of all three.

Pap smear

A Pap smear involves the removal of tissue cells from the cervix. These tissues are then examined under the microscope for changes that might determine cancer or precancerous states. Since a Pap smear can identify both cancerous as well as precancerous states of cervical cells, it is important for women who are sexually active to do a Pap smear annually.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends a first Pap test within three years of having sexual activity or by age 21, followed by a Pap test every 1-2 years after that. An annual Pap test is also recommended if you have risk factors for cervical cancer.

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Cervical cancer is a malignant growth of the cervix uteri or surrounding cervical area. Symptoms are often not visible until the cancer is very advanced although some cases will present with vaginal bleeding or an odorous vaginal discharge. Due to the lack of clear symptoms women aged between 25 and 49 are invited for a smear test every 3 years.

Diagnosis

The smear test involves taking a sample of cervical cells which are then tested for abnormalities. If abnormalities are found this is not necessarily indicative of cancer. If an abnormal smear is taken, the person will then visit a gynecologist for a colposcopy which involves an internal vaginal examination. This can sometimes involve a biopsy which is where a sample of tissue is removed to examine under a microscope.

HPV

Cancer involves a change in the DNA so that cell replication and growth becomes unregulated. Causes of this are widespread and include Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), smoking, numbers of children and more. HPV is the biggest cause of cervical cancer with over 99% of cases being associated with an infection. HPV can lie dormant in mucous membranes of the body and eventually leads to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia which is the stage before cancer. HPV does not always cause cancer but it is a significant risk factor. HPV is spread through sexual intercourse and so women with multiple partners are most at risk.

HPV Vaccine

Since September 2008 there has been a recent move to vaccinate girls aged 12-13 against two of the strains of HPV which are those thought to be involved in causing cancer. It involves three injections over a 6 month period given routinely in schools.

There has been some controversy over the new program. As with any vaccination there are also some possible side effects. Most of these are very mild and might include some mild flu like symptoms or swelling. However, there is also a very small chance that the vaccination could incur a more severe allergic reaction leading to anaphylactic shock. Particular to this vaccine there has been some worry that by giving a vaccine against a virus that is sexually transmitted it could encourage sexual promiscuity or apathy against sexually transmitted diseases. Some argue that the cost of the vaccination programme is not justifiable when infection could be prevented by safe sex practices.

A girl recently died suddenly after receiving the vaccination in a school in Coventry. As of yet there has been no confirmed link between the vaccine and her death but vaccination programs have been terminated until a result can be determined. Since the start of the programme 1.8 million girls have been given the vaccine and no other deaths have been reported. Other girls given the vaccine in the same school also reported side effects but none needed admitting to hospital. This has newly awakened the debate over the vaccine and whether it should really be given at all.

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1. Creating proper awareness on cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Women should endeavour to consult the appropriate doctor or even a gynecologist on issues and questions regarding cancer. The advice of an awareness group and cancer-related organizations should also be sought as much as possible.

2. Carrying out proper screening test every year for HPV infection
A Papanicolaou test or Pap smear is the current method of screening for the human papillomavirus. Women are enjoined to go for a pap smear test within three years after becoming sexually active for the first time and every one year thereafter. If the pap smear test is carried out on yearly basis, a woman is likely to have the cancer discovered early and treated better if detected.

3. Carrying out effective vaccination against HPV infections.
The cervical cancer vaccine is usually administered to teenage girls ages 11-17 to protect them from HPV. The vaccine is offered by Merck and Glaxo Smith Kline. Women, especially teenagers, need to consider having this vaccine. Also, if any questions should arise as regards this preventive method, it is advisable that a doctor be asked about the risks as well as benefits of taking this injection.

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Persistent HPV infection may cause cervical precancer with a risk of development to cancer. Screening programs are initiated to find women with cellular abnormalities who will be followed up or treated to prevent development of Cervical Cancer.

Standard treatment of precancer is surgery but with increased risk of side effects including preterm labour, scarring that may impair fertility, infection and bleeding, which is undesirable particularly in young women in their reproductive age. In Europe and US approximately 1 mill women are diagnosed with cervical precancer annually.

Women with mild cervical abnormalities are followed up frequently with gynaecological examinations to prevent progression to precancer. The majority of cervical lesions regress spontaneously, but treatment may be offered in the persistent conditions. In Europe and US approximately 7 mill women are diagnosed with mild cervical abnormalities annually.

HPV prophylactic vaccines have recently been introduced to young girls but will have limited short-term effects on the number of patients developing precancer. HPV tests are being introduced to the market to address patients at high risk and will most likely be included in the public screening program.

There is a medical need for a tissue preserving treatment modality in patients with cervical precancer. Patients with persistent HPV infection and mild abnormalities have a low risk of progression but all patients need frequent examinations to rule out progression to precancer. A treatment modality to eliminate the persistent HPV infection is desirable.

The cervix is the lower part of the womb, which connects to the vagina, and is also called the opening of the womb. Cervical cancer occurs when cells on the cervix grow out of control.
Medics say that cervical cancer is not a genetic disease. All women who have ever had sex are at risk of contracting this type of cancer. Most girls usually get infected with HPV around the time they first have sexual intercourse.

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Every November, men across the country take part in Movember, a fundraiser where men grow their facial hair for the month as walking billboards for prostate cancer.

But why should the boys have all the fun?

Vanessa Willson was having drinks with friends last November, admiring the array of mustaches and beards men were sporting that month. What started as a silly idea — what about a Movember for women? — became Julyna.

The month-long event, starting July 1, tries to get Canada talking about HPV and cervical cancer and is being supported by the Canadian Cancer Society and a growing list of participants and supporters.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Canadian women between the ages of 20 and 44.

To participate in Julyna, women can grow and design their hidden-hair in whatever design they pick for the month and ask for donations. Their website offers potential designs, including “The David Suzuki” and “The Barbara Bush.”

“We hope the humour will help women feel comfortable talking about cervical cancer and talking about that area,” Willson, a Toronto nurse, told The Toronto Star.

HPV is more prevalent amongst women than you’d expect: three in every four sexually active women will contact the the infection through sexual contact, often without realizing they have it. Willson started Julyna to get women involved in their sexual health by getting regular Pap tests which can prevent cervical cancer with early detection.

The goal is to meet $50,000 in individual donations along with a black-tie fundraiser on July 28 to raise awareness about HPV, cervical cancer and how important Pap tests are for women.

To get involved, women can register with the Canadian Cancer Society.

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The cervix is the area near the uterus of the female anatomy. The anatomical opening connecting to the cervix is the vagina. For the examination of the area during the pap smear testing, the examiner will insert an instrument called the speculum into the vagina. Unlike other similar devices, the speculum is used to enable direct vision. Once the cervix is visible, the manual procedure of cleansing the cervix with a cotton swab is carried out. A sample of cells are then collected and studied under the microscope.

Pap smear testing can be carried out on a regular basis to check for any kind of abnormality. Getting tested in primary stages even before the development of cancer can help treatment greatly. It is advised that women should take their first pap smear test at 21 years of age or soon after they start indulging sexual intercourses. Women aged between 18 and 65 years are also encouraged to regularly get tested

In a healthy body the cells will have regular structure and functioning. But abnormalities may cause irritation, inflammation and discomfort in the genital regions. In case of benign swellings, treatment may include removal of the cervix. The procedure is called Hysterectomy. However, this may not be needed for all abnormal growths or lumps as in the case of subtotal hysterectomy, where the uterus is removed but the cervix is left intact. In such case, regular taking the Pap smear test becomes inevitable.

The American Cancer Society advocates that the examination should be carried out after 3 years of intercourse and regularly after every 2 to 3 years for women above the age of 30. Further, they recommend cessation of the testing only after 70 years of age or incase of total Hysterectomy as discussed above. However, different organizations promote different norms, but it is necessary for women of our country to stay updated plus informed. The internet is one great platform for the same. There are many medical videos, articles, papers, websites, forums, etc which can help us protect ourselves and live a healthy life.

The Papanicolaou test is a screening test used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant processes in the ectocervix. An online business directory of Medical Videos and other medical related information.

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Major findings

The report has published these results:

Tobacco- the most preventable cancer cause

In the last century, more than 100 million died all over the world from the diseases that are associated with tobacco consumption. These are:

* Cancer

* Chronic lung disease

* Stroke

* Cardiovascular disease

The regrettable fact is, the patients could have been prevented from such medical problem had they not used any tobacco. Lung cancer risk is 20 to 30 times more in smokers than non-smoking persons. About 90 % of all lung cancers are tobacco associated, in both men as well as women. In bladder and renal pelvis cancer, 50 per cent or more are due to smoking. For the cancer of mouth, larynx, pharynx, esophagus the RR is greater than six. For pancreatic carcinomas it is three to four. Stomach, liver, kidney, naval cavity, sinuses, esophagus (adenocarcinoma) cancer and myeloid leukemia two-three RR has been identified by the researchers. Even passive smoking can lead to lung cancer, and increases the risk by almost 20 percent. However, tobacco is not yet known to have any role in the incidence of prostate, breast and endometrial cancer of the uterine, since there is no evidence of this at present.

Infection is a great risk factor

Approximately 23 per cent of malignant diseases in developing countries occur due to the infections. These can cause:

* Liver Cancer (Hepatitis B and C virus)

* Cervical cancer (HPV, human papillomaviruses, HPV)

* Stomach cancer (Helicobacter pylori)

Whereas, in developing world, only 8 percent of all such malignancies are attributed to infectious agents.

Vaccines for prevention: These could be highly effective in treating cancers caused by infections. HBV vaccination is successfully being used to prevent liver cancer in countries where incidences are high and most probably HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccination will also work within three to five years.

Diet is curing

Stomach cancer can be prevented from occurring if the intake of salt-free preserved meat and fish is avoided. In many countries of Europe, such as Switzerland and nearby places, mortality rate has decreased by 60 percent within one generation. It is hoped, in the coming 30 years, stomach cancer can become a rare type in many parts of the world. In many other countries like Japan, Korea, Brazil, and Portugal, where salted food is excessively eaten, the incidence of gastric cancer are high but fallen considerably.

According to studies, taking plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables on a regular basis can prevent or help in cancer recovery.

Strategies for cancer control

The aim of these procedures and techniques is to reduce the occurrence as well as the cancer death rate that is the ultimate consequence of the fatal disease. Post disease life improvement for the patient is also included. Treating the disorder is not enough, the care and health condition afterwards throughout one’s life is considered also that is equally important. Early diagnosis is really essential to avoid further complications and off course the death of affected person.

The report has revealed information about all aspects of cancer including the statistics of incidence by each type all over the globe. Nutrition is a key factor, discussed in detail; various other facts are discovered in it.

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Between 1991 and 1995, about 34,000 cases of AIDS-defining cancers were present in HIV-infected patients; this number dropped to around 10,000 ten years later (between 2001 and 2005). This is a positive indication of the antiretroviral medication working and helping to delay the progression from HIV to AIDS. However, the instances of other cancers skyrocketed. About 3,000 cases of other cancers were found in HIV patients from 1991 to 1995; that number jumped to 10,000 cases ten years later. Since 2003, the number of non-AIDS-defining cancers has exceeded the number of AIDS-defining and HIV associated cancers. While some of this can be attributed to the general aging of the population, it doesn’t explain it entirely.

Those with HIV infection are highly susceptible to cancers that are not AIDS-defining or HIV associated cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, anal cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer. About half of all cancers diagnosed in HIV patients between 2001 and 2005 are one or more of these four cancers. In fact, there were eight times more anal cancers, twice as many lung cancers, twice as many Hodgkin lymphomas, and five times as many liver cancers diagnosed in HIV patients between 2001 and 2005 as opposed to 1991 to 1995.

There is indeed an increase in persons over age 40, and cancer tends to show up more often at older ages. That notwithstanding, the overall number of HIV associated cancers decreasing is a good sign that the current medical treatments to fight HIV are working in some capacity. While research continues to progress toward a potential cure, the treatments currently available have improved and lengthened the lives of many people who are living every day with HIV. This is an important point to remember. However, the number of non-HIV associated cancers increasing is something to recognize and be aware of.

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